The Low Countries: 1300

By 1300, agricultural "improvements" had seriously undermined the stability of both North and South Holland.

North Holland is most vulnerable to the Zuider Zee, whereas South Holland's losses mostly result from the action of the major rivers (the Rhine, which originates in the Swiss Alps, the Meuse, rising in France, and Waal, which branches off from the Rhine in the eastern Netherlands).

Drawing based on a map in H. Binnendijk, ed., Hettema's Grote Historische Schoolatlas (revised edition, 1968).

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